Development of Vehicles
A lot of small inventions have had a larger impact on the vehicle development than single big inventions; this saying has rather gained importance troughout history.
| Approx. 3500 v.Chr. invention of the wheel (Sumerer) not otherwise present in nature. | |
| Approx. 2300 v.Chr. the spoke wheel | |
| 100 v.Chr. the simple steam engine (Heron, Gr) |
| 1665 | Discovery of crude oil |
| 1678 | Theory of an engine with internal combustion (Huygens) |
| 1690 | High pressure-steam engine (Denis Papin, F-GB) |
| 1712 | External steam engine (Thomas Newcomen) |
| 1733 | Hot-air balloon (brothers Mongolfier, F) |
| 1740 | Bimetal, roller bearing (Harrison, GB) |
| 1761 | Possibility for determination of degree of longitude on the open sea with very precise clock (John Harrison, GB) |
| 1745 | Natural caoutchouc in Europe |
| 1765 | Threewheeler with steam engine (Cugnot, F) |
| 1768 | Steam engine (James Watt, GB) |
| 1799 | Gasengine, electrical ignition (Lebon) |
| 1801 | Vehicle with steam engine drive (Trevithick, GB) |
| 1807 | Patent for passenger car (Rivaz, F), steam ship (Fulton, GB) |
| 1810 | Axle-pivot steering for carriages (Ackermann, Ger) |
| 1816 | Stirlingmotor (GB) |
| 1822 | Bus with steam drive (Griffith, GB) |
| 1823 | Rubberized, water- und air proof fabric (Macintosh) |
| 1829 | Steam locomotive (Stephensen, GB) |
| 1833 | "Petrol" from benzol-acid (Mitscherlich, Ger) |
| 1835 | Railroad from Nürnbeg to Fürth (Ger) |
| 1839 | Discovery of the vulcanisation (Charles Goodyear, US), prototype of a fuel-cell (Grove, GB) |
| 1840 | The first passengers to travel across the Atlantic (Cunard, GB) |
| 1844 | Patent on air-wheels, tube, valve (Thomson, GB) |
| 1854 | Pedal crank for bicycle |
| 1856 | Illuminating gas engine with valve-control and water-cooling (Barsanti, Matteucci, I) |
| 1859 | Crude oil-drilling (Drake, US) |
| 1860 | Two-stroke-illuminating gas aspiration engine, twin piston, high-tension ignition, 1-2 kW, 1-3% efficiency (Étienne Lenoir, F-B), roots-water pump |
| 1862 | (Unstable) four-stroke engine (Nikolaus August Otto, Ger), four-stroke principle (Patent - Alphonse Beau de Rochas) |
| 1863 | Vehicle with gas engine (Lenoir, F) |
| 1864 | Internal combustion engine without compression (Otto, Ger), standardization of screws, threads and nuts (Sellers, US) |
| 1866 | Steam boiler-control association (TÜV, Ger) |
| 1867 | Engine with 9% efficiency (Otto - Langen, world exhibition Paris), bicycle (Veloziped) with chain drive |
| 1873 | Steamcar with axle-pivot steering and independent wheel suspension (Bollée, F) |
| 1875 | Surface-carburetor (Maybach, Ger), ammonia-refrigerating machine (Linde, Ger) |
| 1876 | Four-stroke-illuminating gas-combustion engine (Otto), ca. 15% efficiency |
| 1879 | Principle of the synthetical caoutchouc (Bouchardat), stationary two-stroke engine (Benz, Ger), two-stroke engine running on gas (Dugald Clerk, GB), patent on motor car with internal combustion (Baldwin, US), electrical loco (Siemens, Ger) |
| 1883 | Fast running four-stroke-petrol engine with glow tube ignition (Daimler, Maybach, Ger) |
| 1884 | Stationary engine with petrol injection (Spiel, Ger) |
| 1885 | Engine driven threewheeler (Benz, Ger), motor bike with four-stroke engine (Daimler, Maybach, Ger), jet-carburetor with closed float chamber (Maybach, Ger), uncontrolled glow tube ignition, charged engine (Benz, Ger) |
| 1886 | Patent for Benz-threewheeler, four-stroke engine in boat (Daimler, Maybach, Ger), vehicle with two-cylinder engine (Henry Ford, US) |
| 1887 | Break ignition (magneto ignition) from Bosch, four-wheel motor vehicle (Daimler, Ger) |
| 1888 | Air tyre for bicycles (Dunlop, GB), V-engine, combustion engine driving boats/air-ships, (Daimler, Ger), Berta Benz manages 180 km with the threewheeler. |
| 1889 | Four-gear wheel transmission (Maybach, Ger), four-wheel motor vehicle (Maybach, Daimler, Ger) |
| 1891 | Front engine (Peugeot, Panhard/Levassor, F), Paris - Brest - Paris (Peugeot) |
| 1892 | Patent for Diesel-engine (Rudolf Diesel, Ger) |
| 1893 | Axle-pivot steering in vehicle (Daimler, Maybach, Ger), nozzle-carburetor (Maybach), patent for engine (Diesel), automobile (Gebr. Duryea, US) |
| 1894 | Motorbike (Hildebrandt, Ger), concept of air-tyres for automobiles (Michelin, F) |
| 1895 | (Racing-)vehicle with air-wheels (Michelin, F), "tube"-cooling (Maybach), patent for hydraulic brake (Mayer, Ger) |
| 1896 | Automobile with air-wheels (Leon-Bollee, Michelin, F), air-wheels (Goodrich, US), lorry (Daimler, Maybach, Ger), Boxer-engine (Benz, Ger), vehicle manufactured in GB (Lanchester), end of Red-Flag-Acts, London-Brighton-race, vehicle from Henry Ford (US) |
| 1897 | Diesel engine operative (MAN, Ger) 20 PS, efficiency 26%, wheel hub-electrical engine (Porsche, Ger), 54 km/h |
| 1898 | Try-outs with petrol injection on stationary engines (Deutz, Ger), high tension magnet (De Dion, F), patent for cylinder cut-out |
| 1899 | Two-stroke-Diesel engine (MAN, Ger), externally acting brake (Maybach, Ger), friction clutch (Horch, Ger), aluminum-body (Dürrkopp, Ger), band brake with drum, air wheel lasting around 500 km (Continental, Ger), more than 100 km/h (Jenatzy, F) |
| 1900 | Vehicles with cone clutch, gear wheel transmission, chain drive, ball bearings, engine from aluminum and magnesium (Mercedes, Ger), bevel steering column with steering wheel (Panhard and Levassor, F), top speed around 100 km/h |
| 1901 | Fire brigade equipped with petrol engine vehicles. |
| 1902 | High-tension magneto ignition, spark plug (Honold - Bosch, Ger), patent eddy current-speedometer (Schulze, Ger), patent for front-wheel drive (Schwenke, Ger), light rigid axle (De Dion, F), busses, commercial vehicle with front-wheel drive and tilt device, drum brake (Renault, F), disc brake, four-wheel drive (Spyker, NL), speedometer (Schulze, Ger) |
| 1903 | Manually operated windscreen wiper (Mary Anderson, US), Solitude-Racing track (Stuttgart), journey from coast to coast (Jackson, US), 139 km/h (Wurgis, US), aero-engine (Flyer I, brothers Wright, US) |
| 1904 | Transversely mounted in-line engine (Christie, US), black (due to additional soot) air-wheels with profile (Continental, Ger), patent for four-wheel brake, 168 km/h (Barras, B), spring-mounted front wheel motorbike-fork (Peugeot, F), radio detection prevents boat-collisions (Hülsmeier, Ger) |
| 1905 | Turbo charger, charge air cooler (Büchi, Ch), G-charger (Creux, F), removable rim (Vinet, F), patent for starter (Bossu, F), battery only for illumination of the interior (Cadillac, US), floating motorbike fork (Bianchi, I), touring car-racing (Landsberg, Ger) |
| 1906 | Grand Prix (F), supercharger-racing vehicle (US) |
| 1907 | Adjustable steering column (Buick, US), Tourist Trophy (Isle of Man, GB), Peking-Paris (2 months) |
| 1908 | Electrical lighting system |
| 1909 | Four-wheel brake (Fraschini, I), 205 km/h (Benz 21,5 l, 200 bhp), Harley-Davidson 45°-V-engine, invention of the side combustion chamber (Dieselengine), six-valve-engine (Peugeot, F), patent for manufacturing synthetical caoutchouc (Hofmann, Ger), type-certification (TÜV) for vehicles in Germany |
| 1910 | Liquid cooling instead of thermosiphon cooling, charged two-stroke-aero-engine (Murray-Willat), coil ignition system with centrifugal advance device, starter (Kettering, US), lead acid battery, four-wheel brake and speedometer in series production (Ford, US), 500 miles (Indianapolis, US), top speed record ca. 200 km/h |
| 1911 | Founding of a material laboratory (GM, US), manufacturing of hydraulical dampers (US), electrical starter (Kettering, Cadillac, US), top speed 228 km/h (Blitzen-Benz, 21 Liter, 200 PS, Burman, US), 500 miles Indianapolis, race Monte Carlo, Benelli (I) |
| 1912 | Fully synthetical tyre (Bayer, Ger), corrosion-free high-grade steel, Diesel-loco (Ger), electrical starter (Europa, Bosch), starter + lighting system in series production (Cadillac, US), Carozzeria Bertone (I), Fiat (300 bhp) 160 km/h |
| 1913 | Assembly line Ford (T-model), full-steel body (Dodge, US), alternator, voltage regulator and lighting system (Bosch, Ger), charged Diesel-loco |
| 1914 | Starter battery, US-V8 (Cadillac, US) |
| 1915 | Dipped beam (Bosch, Ger), V8-engine (Cadillac, US) |
| 1916 | V12-engine (Packard, US), pneumatically driven wipers (US) |
| 1919 | Hydraulical brake (Lockheed, US), Diesel engine (Cummins, US), coil (Duesenberg, US) |
| 1921 | Roots blower in series production (Daimler, Ger), audible warning system (Bosch, Ger), Avus (racing track, Berlin), tetraethyl lead against knocking (Kettering, GM) |
| 1922 | Cooling-water control, tyres with steel wire (Dunlop), Diesel-passenger car (Peugeot-Tartais, F), independent wheel suspension, self-supporting body (Lancia) |
| 1923 | Lorry with Diesel engine (Benz-MAN, Ger), balloon-wheels with Cord fabric, standard air brake |
| 1924 | Anti-knocking additions for fuel (GM, US), bifilar bulb (Bilux), charger for two-stroke-ship-Dieselengines (BBC), assembly line in Germany (Opel Laubfrosch), motorbike with 90°-in-line engine (Remor, I) |
| 1925 | Bilux-bulb (Bosch, Ger), carburetor with petrol injection (Bendix/Stromberg, US), Lorraine-Dietrich wins Le Mans, front driven racing vehicle (Miller, US) |
| 1926 | Hydraulical four-wheel brake (ATE), in-line-eight cylinder in series (Horch), front wheel drive with constant-velocity joints (Tracta, F), electrical wiper (Bosch, Ger), patent for streamlined-body (Kamm, Ger), safety-glas with wire inlet (US), Lorraine-Dietrich wins Le Mans |
| 1927 | Deep-drawn panel (Krupp, Ger), transatlantic flight (Lindbergh, US), opening of the Nürburgring, Diesel-injection pump in series (Bosch), mouldable material, patent for electr. valve operation |
| 1928 | Transmission-synchronization (Kettering, US), accelerator pump (carburetor), 238 km/h (rocket-propelled, Opel, Ger), patent for mechanical Antilock braking system (Ger), load sensing valve for passenger cars (Ger), DKW (Dampfkraftwagen) (steam powered vehicle) |
| 1929 | Economical manufacture of synthetical caoutchouc (Bock, Ger), standard front wheel drive (Cord, US), electrically operated wiper (Baron Rothschild, US), Diesel-engine passenger car (Cummins, US), vehicle with V12-engine (Maybach, Ger), chrome plating (GM, US) |
| 1930 | Fuel filter (Bosch), petrol injection in racing motorbike (Moto Guzzi, I), sixteen-cylinder engine (GM, US), top speed record around 270 km/h |
| 1931 | Torsion bar spring (patent Porsche, Ger), streamlined vehicle (patent Everling, Ger), transmission-synchronization (ZF, Ger), fog lamps (Bosch, Ger) |
| 1932 | Bilux lamp standard |
| 1933 | Tests for passive accident prevention and no-draft ventilation (GM, US) |
| 1934 | Self supporting body in large series (Opel), Maybach (charged-Diesel 650 PS, Ger), rollover tests (GM, US) |
| 1935 | Self-adjusting brake (DB, Ger), self supporting fully steel body (Opel, Ger), rear wheel suspension (Moto Guzzi, I), hydr. dampers in front (BMW, Ger), charger-Dieselloco (Ger) |
| 1936 | Diesel-passenger car with side combustion chamber (DB, Ger), plastic body, Crashtests (DKW, Ger), cooling thermostat, manual direction indicator (GM, US), series car with headlamp retractors (Cord, US), 256 km/h (Diesel, Eyston, US), patent for anti-stall (Bosch, Ger) |
| 1937 | Aero-engine with petrol injection (DB, Ger), steering column-mounted gear (Pontiac, GM) |
| 1938 | Charged-Diesel-lorry-engine (Saurer, Ch), TÜV-(technical control association) starts examining all vehicles on a regular basis in Germany |
| 1939 | Gas turbine (Brown-Boveri), five-speed gear standard (Lancia), hydraulically operated automatic transmission (Oldsmobil, US), motorcycle-frame from plastic (DKW, Ger), 156 km/h (Hanomag-Diesel) |
| 1940 | Army-Jeep (Willys, US), gearbox with double clutch (Franke, Ger), motorbike side-car combination with all-wheel drive (BMW, Ger), maximum speed almost 600 km/h |
| 1941 | Priming by dipping (Opel, Ger), try-outs with mechanical anti-lock systems |
| 1942 | Silicone caoutchouc (for larger temperature ranges) |
| 1945 | Aluminum-forging in the body (F), 24 Mio. vehicles in Northern-America |
| 1946 | Disc brake in series (Chrysler, US), Velosolex (bicycle with auxiliary engine, F), patent on radial-ply tyres (Michelin, F) |
| 1948 | Torque converter (Buick, US), tyres with steel radials (Michelin, F), tubeless wheel (Goodrich, US) |
| 1949 | Hardtop convertible (Cadillac, US) |
| 1950 | Winter-tyre, gas turbine-vehicle (Rover), formela-1, jet aircraft-tests (US) |
| 1951 | Patent for crash absorbing zones (Barényi/Mercedes), hydraulical petrol fuel injection pump (Bosch, GutbroGer), obligatory TÜV (technical control association)-general inspection (Ger), Avus re-build, register-charger (Alfa, I), DKW 500 with 290 km/h (Herz, Ger) |
| 1952 | Charger-Dieselengine (Saurer, Ch), two-stroke-petrol-direct injection (Gutbrod, Ger), hydraulical power steering (Cadillac,US), Racing-Diesel (Cummins, Indianapolis), 244 km/h (Rover-Gas turbine, GB) |
| 1953 | Passenger car-Dieselengine with side combustion chamber (Borgward, Fiat), 12-Volt-System (Delco Remy), brake servo (GM, US) |
| 1954 | Rotary engine (Wankel, Ger), mech.-hydraul. petrol-direct injection for the 300 SL, hydropneumatical suspension, spot welding with aluminum sheets (Panhard, F), plastic body parts (GM, US), Porsche/Fuhrmann-engine, 4 cyl.-Boxer with double overhead camshaft, desmodromical valve control (DB, D |
| 1955 | Carbon fibre with aligned crystal atructures, 61 Mio. vehicles in Northern America |
| 1956 | Porsche wins Targa Florio |
| 1957 | Asymmetrical dipped beam, body from plastic (Lotus, GB) |
| 1958 | Dieselengine with double overhead camshaft (Mercedes Benz), electron. petrol injection (Bendix, US) |
| 1959 | Vehicle with rotary engine (Wankel, Ger), transistor coil ignition system, safe body (DB, Ger), windscreen washer |
| 1961 | OHC-engine with cambelt (Glas, Ger), seat belts (Daimler-Benz, Ger), rod from titanium (Porsche, Ger) |
| 1962 | Dual-circuit brake (GM, US), cambelt for driving the camshaft (Glas, Ger), simulation of crashes + charged-petrol engine (GM, US) |
| 1963 | Forged alloy rims (Fuchs, Porsche 911), four-wheel drive (GM, US) |
| 1964 | Direct injection for truck-Dieselengines, asymmetrical wheel tread patterns (Pirelli, I), Ford Mustang, double-disc piston engine in the Mazda-prototype, Mini wins Rallye Monte Carlo |
| 1965 | Industrial-wind-tunnel (VW, Ger), possibilty of driving without the usage of arms (Franz, Ger), 960 km/h (Breedlove, US), tyre-test stand topping 1360 km/h (Goodyear, US) |
| 1966 | Ventilated disc brake (Porsche 911 S) in series, rear fog lamp, Racing-charged engines (Indianapolis, US), Mini triple winner Rallye Monte Carlo, Honda motorcycles win 5 World championship titels |
| 1967 | Multi-point injection (first Bendix, later Bosch), children's seats (Storchenmühle, Ger), energy absorbing steering column, aluminum-tutular space frame (Porsche, Ger), rotary engine in the Ro80 |
| 1968 | Head-rest (DB, Ger), first emission restraints (California, US), full beam to follow steering wheel movements (Citroen, F), Jumbo-Jet (Boeing, US) |
| 1969 | On the moon Apollo 11 (Armstrong, US), motorcycle-disc brakes in series(Jap), mechanical anti-lock-braking-system, try-outs with Airbags (DB, Ger) |
| 1970 | Range Rover (first SUV (Sports Utility Vehicle)), Mini-all-wheel-vehicle (Suzuki, Jap), Le-Mans-triple success (Porsche 917), 1001 km/h (rocket engine, Gabelich, US) |
| 1971 | Halogen light H4 (Bosch), patent for Airbag (DB), intermittent wiper, sunk door handles (Citroen, F), Le-Mans-double success (Porsche 917) |
| 1972 | First standard type six cylinder motorcycle (Benelli, I) |
| 1973 | Mech.-hydraul. injection (K-Jetronic), electron. injection (L-Jetronic), plastic fuel tank (VW Passat Variant), 379 km/h (Diesel, Snyder, US) |
| 1974 | Transistor coil ignition system and L-Jetronic (Bosch, Ger), radio traffic-information-system, single point injection (GM, US) |
| 1975 | Rear window wiper |
| 1976 | Lambda oxygen sensor (Bosch, Ger), mech.-hydr. petrol injection, fully covered series motorcycle (BMW,Ger), passenger aircraft reaching double the speed of sound (Concorde, F/GB) |
| 1977 | Gas turbines-hybrid-prototype (Toyota, Jap), hot-galvanized steel panel (Porsche, Ger), pneumatical valve spring (Renault, F), 510 km/h for water vehicle (Worby, Aus) |
| 1978 | Anti-lock braking system (Bosch, Ger), passenger car-charge-Dieselengine (DB, Ger) |
| 1979 | Injection and ignition characteristic diagram -> Motronic (Bosch, Ger) |
| 1980 | Airbag and seat belt tightener (DB, Ger) |
| 1981 | Unleaded fuel, catalytic converter, hot wire-air mass flow sensor, digital engine electronics, cylinder cut-out (GM. US), carbon fibre in formula 1 (McLaren/Lotus, GB) |
| 1982 | Anti-knock for petrol-engine (Bosch, Ger), KE-Jetronic , electronical ignition with mechanical high-tension distributer (Bosch, Ger), digital speedometer |
| 1983 | Fully electronical ignition (Bosch, Ger), triple-axle ellipsoid headlamp, motorcycle with longitudinal four-cylinder engine (BMW, Ger), Mazda-rotary engine with charger |
| 1984 | Idle-speed governor, Comprex-charger in series (Opel, Ger) |
| 1985 | Regular exhaust emission inspections for petrol passenger cars in Germany, CAN-bus technology (Controller Area Network) (Bosch, Intel), standard anti-lock braking system (Ford, Ger), electronical Diesel injection control |
| 1986 | Engine management <-> control automatic transmission, electronic differential lock, electronical accelerator pedal, tow-line safety steering (Audi, Ger) |
| 1987 | Electronical Diesel-control (BMW, Bosch), Mono-Jetronic, electronical pressure force regulator for wipers |
| 1988 | Stepped reflector (Hella, Ger), series-passenger car Diesel-engines with direct injection (Bosch, Fiat) and charger (Audi, Ger), Torsen-differential gear |
| 1989 | Standard tyre pressure control (Porsche), rain sensor, automatic roll bar, chargers prohibited in formula 1 |
| 1990 | Self-diagnostics, emergency running program, passenger car Diesel engine in series with catalytic converter (VW, Ger), development of fuel-cells for vehicles (DB), electro-vehicles (GM,US) |
| 1991 | OBD (US), Xenon light, complete body from aluminum alloy (Honda, Jap), anti-lock braking system required for busses in Germany, vehicles with CAN-Bus (Bosch), variable length of intake manifold (racing engine, Mazda) |
| 1992 | Catalyst required (Ger), Diesel with direct injection and variable guide blades (VW, Ger) |
| 1993 | Electronical stability program, adjustable camshaft, four valves Diesel-engines, exhaust emission inspections also for Diesel-engines in Germany (AU), EU-norms for fuels, immobilisation system against theft |
| 1994 | OBD II for petrol passenger cars (US), navigation system, plastic lenses, complete body from aluminum (Audi, Ger), day-permanent light (GM, US), nickel-metalhydrid-accumulator (GM, US) |
| 1995 | Electron. immobilisation system, side-airbag, belt force limiters |
| 1996 | Sequential gearbox |
| 1997 | High pressure Diesel injection Common Rail (Bosch, Fiat), petrol-direct injection (Mitsubishi, Jap), OBD II for Diesel-engines (US), standard vehicle with hybrid drive, distinct glas for lamp lenses, out of the center staggered crankshaft (Toyota, Jap), hydrogen-fuel cell-vehicles (DB, Ger) Toyota Prius I, empty weight + 75 kg for imaginary driver (EU), 100-PS-limitation for motorcycles revoked |
| 1998 | Pump injectors for passenger car Diesel-engines (VW, Ger), headlight levelling (Europe), window-airbag (sidebag), broad-band lambda oxygen sensor, Haldex clutch, 175 PS-series-motorcycle with a top-speed of almost 300 km/h (Suzuki, Jap), fusion Daimler + Chrysler, Lamborghini -> VW, Bentley -> VW |
| 1999 | Bi-xenon-light (Bosch, Ger), vehicle with Mach 1 enabling 1220 km/h jet-propelled, 16 l/sec. (Green, GB) |
| 2000 | Euro 3 for passenger car Diesel-engines, maximum of 350 ppm sulphur in Diesel-fuel (EU), GPS alo for civilians, Diesel-particulate filter (Peugeot, F), in Germany around one-third Diesel-engines (Ger) |
| 2001 | OBD for petrol-passenger cars in Europe, Common Rail with Piezo-injectors, variable mechanical valve lift (BMW, Ger), eletronically operated brake (Bosch, DB), electronical wiper drive, carbon brake disc, radio with MP3, telephone and Internet connection (Becker, Ger), Japanese electronical vehicle with Li-Ionen-accumulator, 440 kW, 311 km/h, 4 axles |
| 2002 | Flat tire-emergency running (Conti, Ger), camera in series-vehicle (Nissan, Jap), motorcycle with top speed of 299 km/h, fuel cell-vehicle with certification (Honda, Jap), prototype of the 1 L-car (using 1 Liter of fuel on 100 km) (VW, Ger) |
| 2003 | Vehicle for road and water with 52 km/h top speed (Aquada, GB), vehicle manages more than 3000 km with 1 l fuel on average, Concorde stopped |
| 2004 | EOBD for Diesel-engines, Euro 2 motorcycles, buckling up in busses required, lane keeping support enters the middle class (Citroen, F), convertible with sun-roof (BMW - Mini), motorcycle with electronic shock absorber control (BMW, Ger), BMW K 1200 |
| 2005 | Euro 4 for passenger car Diesel-engines, max. 50 ppm sulphur in fuels (EU), digital tachograph (Nfz + Busse, Ger), electronical tyre pressure control obligatory in the US, series small car with Hybrid drive (Suzuki, Jap), Airbus 380, 3 l/100km/800 Passagiere |
| 2006 | OBD for commercial vehicles, inspection scheduler in database (Mazda), infrared-vision by night in series (Honda, Jap) |
| 2009 | Euro 5 for passenger car-diesel-engines |
| 2011 | Daytime running light for new vehicles (D), prohibition refrigerant R134a for new vehicle types, mandatory ESP (USA), 100 million small-block V-8 (GM) |
| 2012 | Tyre pressure control for new models (EU) |
| 2014 | Euro 6 for car engines, tyre pressure control for new vehicles (EU) |
| 2016 | Mandatory ABS for motorcycles |
| 2017 | Ban on refrigerant R 134a |
cartecc.com Top of page Index
2001 - 2013 Copyright for programs, texts, animations and pictures: H. Huppertz - Email: harald.huppertz@t-online.de
Translator: Don Leslie - Email: lesdon@t-online.de
 Formulary Wheel change Save Energy Exercises
|